| 在泰开展经贸业务问答 |
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| 2007-05-19 08:31 文章来源：th | | 文章类型：摘编 内容分类：其它 |
前 言
为更好地为国内的商贸企业服务，发挥驻外经商机构桥梁、纽带的作用，便于国内公司企业来泰投资经营、开展经贸业务，我处将一些常见的问题进行了收集整理，分成贸易、投资、承包、机电产品、劳务等５大类栏目，以期对广大商界朋友有所帮助。
初次尝试此项工作，不足之处在所难免，欢迎大家多提出宝贵意见，我们将根据大家的要求和意见，进一步充实栏目，完善内容，充分发挥驻外经商机构信息共享的作用，促进对外经济贸易事业的发展，更好地为中泰经济发展服务。
贸 易 类
一、怎样在网上查询泰国企业信息？
答：无论是要查询已知企业的联系方式，还是要寻找某种产品的生产商或经销商，都可以通过网上查询获得一定的信息，方法如下：打开泰国黄页网站（www.yellowpages.co.th），在搜索栏内键入目标企业的名称或关键字，或者通过分类目录层层搜索，直至得到满意结果。
或者，点击我处网站上的企业名录栏目下“当地企业”链接，用同样的方法也可搜索和查询。
二、怎样与泰国相关行业商会取得联系？
答：在我处网站上已提供了大量的泰国行业商会联系人和联系方式，可根据具体情况与有关商会取得联系，具体方法如下：
打开我处网站，点击经贸机构栏目下的“商会”链接即可。
三、怎样查询泰国展览会的举办时间和相关信息？
答：泰国展会官方网站（www.thaitradefair.com）提供了当年及其下年度在泰国举办的所有官方展会信息，内容详尽，包括名称、类型、举办时间、举办地点和举办单位等，通常按时间顺序排列，查询方便。
其它提供展会信息的网站还有www.thailandexhibition.com，该网站还提供了与展会有关的大量信息。
四、怎样知道泰国对某种商品的进口关税是多少？
答：这个问题，同样可以在网上找到答案。打开网站www.apectariff.org，选择泰国，在相应的搜索栏内键入某商品的税则号或ＨＳ编码，即可得到泰国对该种产品的进口关税和增值税率。
如查询汽车关税，选择税则第87章，再根据其商品描述，选择“8703”税则，即可得到该商品的进口税率。
五、10月1日起中泰两国水果蔬菜实行自由贸易，如我企业赴泰开拓水果蔬菜市场，应如何去做？
答：目前不少企业来信咨询。中泰两国水果蔬菜贸易已开展了多年，中国的苹果、梨等水果在泰国已占有相当的市场份额，如要开拓泰国市场，首先要认真做好市场调研，研究中国哪些水果蔬菜能受到泰国消费者的欢迎，打开泰国市场。第二，可与泰国水果蔬菜进口商联系，达拉泰是泰国农产品中心市场，也是泰国最大的水果蔬菜批发市场，电话是662－9084276至78，网址是www.talaadthai.com，中国的出口企业可在网上搜寻相关资料，并直接跟泰国进口商联系业务。第三，进口手续由泰进口商办理，中方企业要准备有关文件，如无公害证明等，以备检查。
六、如中国企业拟向泰国出口我商品，应如何办？
答：首先要认真做好市场调研，研究中国哪些出口商品能受到泰国消费者的欢迎，打开泰国市场。第二，可与泰国商会或有关商会联系，泰国商会电话为662－6221860至77，传真为662－225－3372，电子邮件tcc@tcc.or.th，网址为www.tcc.or.th，或与泰中商务委员会联系，电话为662－6221860转612，传真：662－6223713，网址为www.tcbc.or.th。
七、我有关商会拟在泰举办展销会，开拓市场，应如何办理手续？
答：首先我有关商会要认真做好市场调研。第二，组织国内有实力的企业和有利于深度开发与拓展泰国市场的产品，加强商品的针对性，力争使展销会获得较好的效益。第三，请按规定在国内有关部门办理出国办展的相关手续。第四，可与泰国商会或有关商会联系，联合举办展览。泰国商会电话为662－6221860至77，传真为662－225－3372，电子邮件tcc@tcc.or.th，网址为www.tcc.or.th，或与系泰中商务委员会，电话为662－6221860转612，传真：662－6223713，网址为www.tcbc.or.th。或打开我经商参处网站th.mofcom.gov.cn查寻相关资料。
投 资 类
一、泰国总体投资环境如何？
答：总体来说，泰国投资环境比较理想。泰国经济发展水平居发展中国家前列，地理位置优越，交通便利，是东南亚地区经济、金融中心和航空枢纽。泰国目前政局稳定，经济复苏增长势头不减；社会治安状况良好，民风较为淳朴，无民族与宗教冲突；当地泰人与华人关系融洽，对我政治态度非常友好；市场比较开放和规范，投资法规日渐完善，投资政策不断优惠；泰铢汇率也保持相对稳定（泰币兑美元汇率维持在1美元兑41－43铢之间）。而且，由于东盟自由贸易区已于2002年提前起动，目前东盟区域内95.7％的货物贸易关税已降至0—5％，老东盟6国间的关税已平均降至3.2％。我企业可以利用这一便利开辟泰国周边国家和市场。对我初次走出国门的企业来说，泰国的投资风险相对较低。综上所述，泰国应是我对外投资的首选国家之一。
二、泰国吸引外资状况如何？
答：泰国吸引外资可追溯到70年代初期，有30余年的历史。其中，1970－1979年期间，平均每年吸引外资只有16亿铢（约合6400万美元）。1980－1987年期间，吸引外资发展较快，平均每年吸引外资65亿铢（约合2.6亿美元）。1988－1998年，吸引外资发展迅速。到1998年，吸引外资金额达到50.79亿美元，为历史最高峰。然而从1999年－2000年，受金融危机及国际经济大环境的影响，吸引外资连续两年下滑。1999、2000年吸引外资额分别降至36.62亿美元、28.13亿美元。2001年吸引外资有所回升，达37.59亿美元。
泰国外资主要来源是日本、美国、香港、欧盟、新加坡、中国台湾、英国、法国、新西兰等。
三、泰国主管投资的部门情况如何？（BOI简介）
答：泰国投资促进委员会（BOI）是主管投资的部门，或者更准确地说是泰国政府负责制定投资奖励优惠政策并为投资者提供协助服务的组织。它分为两个等级：投资促进委员会及投资促进委会员办公厅。投资促进委员会由总理任主席，工业部长任副主席，各经济部长及政府高级官员，民间重要机构的代表、学者、专家任委员或顾问。主要职责是促进泰国的投资事业、制定投资奖励优惠政策及相关的指导政策、向投资者提供奖励并为投资者提供相关的服务。投资促进委员会办公厅是执行BOI的政策的机构，或者说是BOI的办事机构，秘书长为最高行政长官。该厅内设秘书局、计划发展部、投资服务中心、国际业务部、区域促进投资部、泰国内地事务所、海外事务所、促进投资1至7部等部门。
BOI办公厅总部设在曼谷，全国有六个分支机构，海外有五个分支机构，分别设在纽约、巴黎、法兰克福、东京和上海。（上海办事处联系人：钟宝芬；联系电话：86-21-63219621，63219475，63234679；传真：86-21-63219383；电子信箱：shanghai@boi.go.th）
BOI提供的服务主要有：协助企业的建立；提供投资的桥梁服务；投资机会及信息；进行吸引外资的宣传活动；申请奖励投资的咨询服务等。
为方便投资者在泰办理签证、工作证，BOI协助成立了办理签证和工作证快捷服务中心。如果文件齐全，可在3小时内完成签证、工作证的申请或延期手续。（联系电话：662-6939333-9，传真：662-6939352，E-Mail：visawork@boi.go.th）
四、泰国投资政策法规主要有哪些？
答：泰国与投资有关的法律法规主要有：
1、管制外籍法人经营的法律??《外商企业经营法》。泰国政府于1972年颁布了《革命团第281号公告》，也称《外国人经营法》（ALIEN BUSINESS ACT）。1978年进行了两次修改。现行法规是泰国政府于1999年11月24日重新颁布（2000年3月4日起施行）的《外商企业经营法》（简称外企法）（FOREIGN BUSINESS ACT）。该法列出了鼓励、限制和禁止外籍人士经营的项目。从法律条文上，相当于我国国家计委、原经贸委及原外经贸部联合发布的《指导外商投资方向暂行规定》及《外商投资产业指导目录》。到泰国投资的外国企业，该法律是首先要了解的。
2、管制外国人工作许可的法律??《外国人就业法》（ALIEN OCCUPATION LAW）。该法于1973年公布实施，1978年进行了修改。规定了外国人申办工作许可的程序、可以从事的职业等。到泰国从事商业活动的外籍人士，首先必须得到劳动部外侨工作管理部门的批准。工作期间，还必须得到移民局的居留延期签证，才可以工作，否则被视为非法入境或非法劳工。
3、签证移民法（THE IMMIGRATION LAW）。1929年公布实施，1980年进行了修改。该法对签证的种类、申请移民等作了相应规定。
4、关于知识产权的法律??《商标法》、《专利法》、《版权法》。
5、《商业登记法》：1956年颁布实施，规定了办理商业注册、登记的手续等。
6、关于税务方面的法律??《税法典》，对个人所得税、法人所得税、所得预扣税、增值税等税率及申报程序作了详细的规定。2002年1月1日以来，税务厅对现行税法实施细则发布了若干修正案，对法人所得税、资产折旧率等作出了一些新的规定。
7、货币兑换管理的最高法律??《一九四二年外汇管理法》。这是一部关于外汇买卖和外币兑换的法规，对携带外汇或泰币、银行存款帐户、贷款、国外投资款等作了规定。
8、外籍法人在泰国持有房地产业的法律??包含于民商法典、土地法典及内务部法规（《组屋大厦法》）等有关条款中。
9、此外，与投资有关的法规还有国务院关于跨国公司申请设立区域代表处规则（1992年）、泰国投资促进委员会投资优惠政策及执行准则等。
五、泰国投资优惠政策包括哪些主要内容？
答：自1997年泰国发生金融危机以来，为适应世界经济及投资形势的变化，更多的吸引外资，BOI先后多次公布新的鼓励政策和措施，现行的奖励投资政策及条例是于2000年8月1日经当时的川立派总理（时任BOI主席）签署公布的。此后，又做了5次补充修改公告。修改优惠政策的重点放在放宽对投资领域的限制、重点扶持产业政策、进一步减免设备和原材料进口关税、进一步减免企业所得税、放宽对外国人持股比例的限制、准许外国人购买房地产和鼓励出口措施等方面。
泰国鼓励外商投资的优惠政策主要分为区域政策和产业政策两大类。第一，区域政策：就是根据目前的经济因素，按各区的人均收入和基础设施情况，把泰国划分为三个区：第一区共6个府，位于中部，分别是：曼谷及邻近的北榄、龙仔厝、巴吞他尼、暖武里和佛统府。第二区包括12个府，即：第一区周边的夜功、叻丕、北碧、素攀、大城、红统、北标、坤西育、北柳、春武里、罗勇和普吉府。除第一区、第二区的其余58府为第三区。区域优惠政策是以曼谷为中心向外扩展，越向外围投资政策越优惠。区域优惠政策主要体现在税收优惠，即投资企业享有如下税收优惠：1、免缴或减半征收进口税：进口税率不低于10％的机器，第一区、第二区减半征收进口税，第三区完全免缴。用于生产出口产品所必需的进口原料，第一区、第二区免缴进口税一年，第三区免缴三年。2、免缴法人所得税：第一区设在获优惠投资的工业区或工业村里的项目，获免缴法人所得税3年；第二区获免缴法人所得税3年，如投资项目设在获优惠投资的工业区或工业村里的项目，可获免缴法人所得税5年；第三区获免缴法人所得税8年。
此外，设在第三区的投资企业（项目）还可享受补贴优惠。其中，设在第三区的40个低收入府的项目，增加以下优惠待遇：设在获优惠投资的工业区或工业村里的项目，可在获免缴法人所得税期满后，再获减上述税项50％，为期5年。同时，允许把水、电费的2倍作为成本从利润中扣除，从项目有收入之日起，为期10年。如在工业区外建厂的项目，允许把基础设施的安装和建设费的25％作为成本从利润中扣除。获准优惠投资的企业，从企业有收入之日起10年内，可选任何一年或几年扣除上述费用。企业资产的损耗费仍按常规从利润中扣除。
设在18个低收入边远府的项目，增加以下优惠待遇：
1、获免缴法人所得税期满后，再获减上述税项50％，为期5年。
2、允许把水、电费的2倍作为成本从利润中扣除，从项目有收入之日起，为期10年
3、允许把基础设施的安装和建设费的25％作为成本从利润中扣除。获准优惠投资的企业，从企业有收入之日起10年内，可选任何一年或几年扣除上述费用。企业资产的损耗费仍按常规从利润中扣除。
第二，产业政策：新的促进投资条例将行业优惠重点从过去的制造业转向了农业和农产品加工业、科技及人才开发领域、公共事业和基础服务业以及环保和预防污染项目上。这些类企业（项目）属特别重视的项目，无论设在哪一个区，均可获免缴机器进口税和免缴8年法人所得税的优惠。
2002年初，泰国BOI对投资政策做出了新的规定，从2002年9月19日起，泰国取消了对投资项目指定区域的限定，获奖励投资的项目可在全国各区设厂，免税优惠按工厂所在区的规定获得。对环境有影响等项目另有特别规定。
补充介绍：泰国工业园区状况及有关政策
截止2000年底，泰国共有各类工业园区25个，其中座落在第一区的有4个，二区有7个，三区有14个。
1、泰国工业园区的种类
泰国的工业园区主要分为3种类型：第一类是一般工业园区（General Industrial Zone--GIZ），第二类是出口加工区（Export Processing Zone—EPZ），第三类是自由贸易区（Free Trade Zone-FTZ）。
2、开发商
泰国所有工业园区都是私人公司开发的，政府除批准土地使用权外没有任何投入。
3、泰国工业园区管理机构：泰国工业部下属泰国工业区管理局对工业园区施行政府管理职能。
4、工业园区享受的优惠政策
泰国工业园区除享受BOI赋予其所在区域的优惠政策外，泰国工业区管理局还对在工业区内设立工厂的投资者在拥有用于商业目的的土地、可进入泰国的技术工人及专家人数、居留期限以及汇出外汇等方面赋予一些特别的优惠。
六、泰国对外商投资持股比例有哪些规定？
答：为方便外商在工业企业方面的投资，BOI放宽了对外商持股比例的限制，审批规定如下：
以下行业泰籍投资者的持股比例必须不低于51％（即外商不得超过49％）：农业、蓄牧业、渔业、勘探与开采矿业和1999年颁布的外商投资法中规定的服务行业。
工业企业方面的投资，无论生产场所设在何处，允许外商持大股或全部股份。除非有特殊理由，BOI将规定某些行业外商投资的限额。
七、泰国属特别重视的及鼓励类的投资行业有哪些？
泰国属泰国特别重视的行业（企业）有农业及农产品生产加工业、科学技术发展和开发人才资源项目、基础设施建设及公共事业、环境保护及污染处理项目以及生产铸造、金属、电子、软件等其它工业共五大类。列入鼓励投资的行业种类有：农业及农产品加工业（26种）；矿业、陶瓷及基础金属工业（18种）；轻工业（16种）；金属产品、机械和运输设备制造业（22种）；电子和电子工业（9种）；化工产品、纸张及塑胶业（15种）；服务业及公用事业（21种）等七大类行业。
八、我国企业来泰投资情况如何？存在哪些问题？
答：1、总体情况：中国在泰国的投资始于1980年，迄今已有20多年的历史。中国在泰投资的行业包括化工、纺织、钢铁、有色金属、铸造、橡胶、医药、食品加工、金融和房地产业。从投资地域看，除中部地区外，还分布在东部、东北部、北部和南部。据我商务部统计，截止2003年9月，经我商务部批准和备案的在泰中资机构共计242家。按所在行业统计，主要有四大类：第一，生产加工类企业；第二，贸易类公司；第三，承包工程与劳务公司；第四，服务类公司（金融、运输、旅游、饭店、咨询公司等。）按注册资本统计，上述中资机构在泰协议投资金额累计2.37亿美元。其中，2001年，我新批来泰投资企业有10家，中方协议投资金额为12278.58万美元，2002年我新批来泰企业有5家，中方协议投资金额为394.94万美元，2003年1—9月，我新批来泰投资企业有8家，中方投资金额4308.42万美元。
2、存在的主要问题：
目前我在泰投资方面还存在以下一些问题：
我在泰投资的优势行业易受到同行业及相关部门的抵制和排挤，往往受到一些不公正的待遇；总的看我企业在境外投资还缺乏相关的人才和经验，须逐步培养和积累；部分投资企业对泰国国情缺乏了解，对所选项目的可行性研究不够，市场调研不够深入，投资还具有一定的盲目性；有的投资企业对当地法律、法规及相关政策了解不透，未能充分利用法律保护自己，也容易被人钻空子；有的对合作伙伴缺乏了解，选择不当，或过于信任和依赖，上当受骗时有发生。一旦发生纠纷，少则2、3年，多则7、8年都无从解决；有相当一部分投资企业在征求我处意见、办理国内审批手续后，便无下文，不便于我处掌握和了解投资企业在泰经营情况；此外，我们的国企与泰国的私企在经营理念、管理模式、运作机制等方面存在差异，在合作中容易发生分歧直至导致合作破裂。
九、来泰投资办工厂或设立合资公司主要有哪些程序？
答：国内程序：先要向所在省（市）经贸厅（委）报告、审核，再由经贸厅（委）向我处发征求意见函；我处对项目审核后复函；持我处表示同意的复函及项目相关文件到国内有关部门（商务部、国资委、发改委、外汇管理局等）办理相关手续。
泰国当地手续：按照泰国《商业登记法》有关规定，办理商业登记和公司注册手续。可咨询泰国远东国际法律事务有限公司。电话：66-2-6685121-3，2412528-9，传真：66-2-6685124，2434049.公司总裁：陈伟文（兼驻泰中资企业商会法律顾问）。
十、对有意来泰投资的企业有何忠告或建议？
答：与泰国对华投资及其它国家和地区在泰投资相比，我在泰投资一直较少，这与中泰两国的友好关系及中泰贸易发展的步伐相比而言，明显滞后。为进一步加强和促进我对泰投资，实施中央制定的“走出去”战略，特提出以下几点建议供有关企业或部门参考：
（一）、对已在泰投资的企业自身来说，应加强对泰有关部门的攻关、协调力度，并与同行企业在竞争中争取良好的合作，为企业在泰生产和经营创造一个良好的外部环境；从政府部门角度来说应进一步加强对我企业的保护力度。在泰国，某些成熟的行业里都有所谓的“行规”：已有的同类企业（包括外资企业）可相安无事，甚至可以合作。但如有新的进入者，则“围而歼之”。此类案例在我在泰实业类投资企业中有过教训，受到过泰国有关部门的压制和同行业的排挤。对此，我投资企业应有清醒的认识，并做好事先防范，并与同类企业尽可能争取合作。
（二）、对拟来泰投资的国内企业来说，应加强对泰国投资法律、法规及政策的了解及市场条件的调研，加强对投资项目的可行性研究，确保投资项目的可操作性和成功率。根据对我现在泰投资超过100万美元的4家实业类投资企业（中发利、丝特、中国有色金属和泰中香料公司，分别投资铸造、纺织原料、有色金属冶炼和香料行业，经营业绩连年上升）调查表明，凡是项目选择既能满足泰国市场需要，又握有自己的技术优势，项目就容易取得成功。这些行业都是在我国内发展得比较成熟并具有一定竞争力，泰国没有自己的重工业基础，但其工业及制造业又需要这些基础性的工业产品。相反，我个别企业恰恰因为选项不当，进入泰国市场不久即陷入与当地同类企业的恶性之中，企业生存面临极大困难。
（三）、进一步扩展投资的领域，尤其是属泰国特别重视的项目以及被列入泰国政府鼓励和促进投资的产业或行业，以享受更多的政策优惠及利益保护。我应尽量选择上述行业的项目进行投资，以便享受到相应比较优惠的政策。而对那些在泰国已经过度开发、市场已严重饱和的项目，应尽量避免或慎重选择，以免产生恶性竞争，造成投资失败。 （四）、加强对投资企业的管理、协调力度，避免钱投进来就无人问津的情况，同时新进入泰国市场的投资企业应加强与使馆经商处的联系，以便于及时掌握企业经营进展情况并加强指导和管理。
我有个别企业在97金融危机之前大举来泰投资房地产业。危机之后，无法继续生存，便匆匆撤回。近两年泰国经济好转，又折回泰国市场。由于人员轮换、资金管理不善等原因，原来手中有几块地皮、在什么地方都搞不清楚，国有资产就这样白白流失。
此外，也有相当一部分投资企业在征求我处意见后便无下文。是否已经来泰投资，进展情况如何，是否遇到什么问题，等等。这些情况我们都不了解，也无从谈起对其进行管理和保护。故此，建议准备来泰投资的企业，在办理好国内审批及泰国注册手续后，应及时与使馆经商处取得联系，以便随时掌握有关情况。
（五）、加强对泰方合作伙伴的了解，特别是资信情况的调查，防止上当受骗的发生。当前在泰国有一些人，手中没有资金，却往往以招商引资为名，动辄冠以“国际”或“亚洲”“投资集团”“总代理”等头衔，利用我国内一些企业急于到国外投资的心理，并以种种“优厚回报”为诱饵，骗取我国内企业的钱财。对这类人，我们应当格外小心，擦亮双眼，详细调查，多方咨询，避免上当受骗。
（六）、深入了解并适应泰国国情，加强与泰方合作，避免出现人为的分歧。中泰两国虽同属亚洲发展中国家，但政治体制、经济管理体制乃至礼仪习惯、风土人情等各不相同。我来泰投资的企业就应了解并适应泰国国情，做到入乡随俗。
此外，还应当努力学些当地的语言，以便于和当地人特别是合作伙伴交流和拉近感情。虽说泰国上层社会英语水平普遍较高，但英语在基层民众之间普及率并不高，会说华语的也毕竟少数。如果我们能多说一些泰语，无疑将会对企业在泰业务的开展起到意想不到的作用。
十一、泰国与投资有关的网站主要有哪些？
答：投资类网站主要有：
泰国BOI网站—-网址：www.boi.go.th
泰国远东国际法律事务有限公司：www.fareastlegal.com
承 包 工 程 类
一、外国企业可否在泰国开展建筑业服务？
答：外商在泰开展建筑业服务适用于《外商经营企业法》。建筑业被列入受限制的投资目录。但，外国企业可以通过与当地企业设立合资公司在泰国从事建筑业服务。
二、外国企业如何在当地合法开展建筑业服务？
答：外国企业在泰开展建筑业服务须依据《商业登记法》赴泰国商业部（注册厅）或公司所在地地方政府商业局依法注册成立股份有限公司，方可营业。成立股份有限公司须有七名发起人，外方持股比例不得高于49％，由泰方控股。企业董事会成员人数由泰方占多数。
目前，泰政府对从事非经营性建筑业业务的代表处、办事处性质的机构设立的申请从严审批甚至不批。
三、外国企业从事建筑业服务注册需要哪些文件？
答：需要携带：母公司董事会关于在泰设立企业的决议；母公司
注册文件复印件及其公证书需要泰国驻华使馆或中国驻泰使馆
认证）；母公司关于授权注册人签字的授权书；被授权人得有效护照经营者无犯罪或不良记录证明；新成立公司董事会章程》；在泰营业地址、联系电话、传真等。
公司增资、增加营业范围、歇业、关闭等做了相应的规定。
公司注册手续费最高限额为2500泰铢。
四、公司注册资金、经营范围有什么限制？
答：泰国实行公司登记制，对公司注册资金和经营范围无特殊限制。但，企业在项目投标时，不同项目，业主对公司注册资金有不同的要求比例：相应的下限。此外，当地移民管理当局对经营管理技术人员申请长期工作许可有严格要求，注册资金一亿泰铢以上者，每输入一名外籍人员，需雇用4名当地工人；一亿泰铢以下者，每进一人，需雇5名当地工人。
公司经营范围不限，当地明令禁止经营的商品、服务除外，如石油、军火、博采业等。
五、建筑业经营企业能否输入一般劳务人员？
答：不能。泰国严格限制外劳进入本地市场，除非该外劳工种在当地无法找到。在本地市场，可以通过劳务中介机构较易物色到一般工种劳务人员，工人月工资较低。
六、承包商如何管理当地工人？
答：泰国对企业雇用工人有很规范的要求，《泰国劳工法》是规制业主、雇员行为的大法，它对雇主在雇员的使用、工资委员会、工作时间、加班、薪酬发放、劳保福利、产假、培训、劳动纠纷的解决、救济基金等都作了详尽的规定。
七、企业经营建筑业服务需要缴纳哪些税种？
答：一般有：法人利润所得税（30％）、营业税（3％）、增值税（7％）以及法人企业代扣的个人所得税（递进制）。
八、泰国对合资建筑业企业经营用外汇管制的要求？
答：企业用汇适用《1942年外汇管理法》。企业可以设立外汇帐
户和本币帐户。但从境外携带入境或汇入外汇须在汇入之日起七天内售予泰中央银行指定的当地的外汇经营银行帐户或存入本币帐户。法人用于支付境外采购货物或将红利汇出境外时须向中央银行出具买卖合同、完税证明申请购汇，但每次均有限额规定。
九、在泰建筑业服务企业到哪申请资质？
答：泰国无专门归口管理部门对建筑业企业资质进行统一评审或授予资质等级。不同业主对各自发包的项目对承包商的资质提出相应的资质要求。中央政府各部门、内政部、曼谷市政府均有自己设定的资质等级标准。
十、建筑业企业对参与国际金融机构贷款项目都有哪些规定？
答：要提交母公司的年度审计报告，对公司的注册资金、设备、技术人员及以往业绩都有相应的要求。
十一、建筑业企业参加当地政府预算项目投标都有哪些规定？
答：只有在泰国登记注册的法人（视同当地法人）才能参加此类项目的投标。企业通常要有与所投标工程项目规模相当的2－3个同类工程经营业绩记录，且为当地工程的业绩；政府工程则要求做过主管部门或地区项目的业绩，并申请相应的资质后，才能参与投标与施工。
十二、当地业主对建筑工程质量、安全、材料使用都有哪些标准？
答：一般地，工程质量、安全标准适用国际标准；材料使用适用泰国工业产品标准。
十三、外国建筑业服务企业如何在泰生存、经营、发展？
答：外国企业在泰开展建筑业服务主要通过与当地企业合资，利用当地企业资金、业绩、人力资源、公关优势开拓市场，从小做大，逐渐滚动发展，积累经验、业绩，再进行资产重组并购等方式独立承揽业务。在经营管理方面主要采取属地化原则，更多地聘请当地律师、会计师、税务师进行管理，雇用当地技术人员和工人从事生产，利用当地发达的机械、设备、材料供应网络、分包系统经营。大多企业积累了经验，站住了脚，从而使业务稳步发展。
机 电 产 品 类 （英文版）
以下是泰国官方提供的六种主要机电产品的市场情况分析：
1、空调
行业概况
The air-conditioning equipment and parts industry began more than 25 years ago as an import substitution strategy, developing later into an export industry. In 2000, exports were valued at US $1,079.72, an increase of 21% from 1999. Before the crisis of 1997, the market for air-conditioning equipment was growing at a rate of 15 percent per year. Since 1998, manufacturers have tried to use marketing strategies such as advertising, special discounts, after sale services, and compressor warranty to try to boost sales.
A growing number of Thailand’s population can now afford to buy air-conditioners, and it is becoming a common investment. In Thailand, household air-conditioners account for about 65 percent of the 18 billion Baht market. This is an industry that has continued its high growth rate of 15 per cent per year.
生产情况
Most of the air conditioning companies in Thailand are joint ventures between Thai and international investors to serve both local and international markets. As Thailand is a significant producer of compressors, which is a key raw material used in the production of air conditioners, it has attracted a number of international companies to locate their production plants in Thailand.
Producers of air conditioners in Thailand can be classified into 3 main groups;
1) American group that can be divided into two sub-categories;
 Fully foreign-owned
 Joint venture with Thai company
Most of the air conditioners produced by this group are internationally branded.
2) Japanese group that can be divided into two sub-categories;
 Fully Japanese-owned
 Joint venture with Thai company
Fully Japanese-owned companies will produce other types of products including refrigerators, electric fans and televisions.
3) Thai group, fully owned by Thais, has both international and local brands
Production capacity for air conditioners in Thailand was 3.8 million units per year in 2000. Manufacturers total 50 and vary from large to small size, located in urban areas of Bangkok or nearby provinces. Most Thai factories are medium or small size, and produce standardized products under their own brand name; UNI-AIRE, Central Air, Engineering, Nikko, Saffire and Akma. Foreign plants are owned by countries such as Japan, U.S., Taiwan, South Korea and Germany, with most of them being large-scale factories.
国内市场情况
On the domestic front, as the Thai middle class grows and demands more consumer goods, air-conditioners become more common. A growing number of the population can now afford to buy air-conditioners and it’s becoming a common investment. In Thailand, household air-conditioners account for about 65 percent of the 18 billion Baht market.
In 2000, the high competition among air conditioning manufacturers resulted from an increase in consumer purchases. Higher spending power among consumers was brought about by economic recovery in Thailand and a certain number of consumers who retained their purchasing power two years before. Currently, 30 percent of air conditioners installed in households are used for a duration of more than 4-5 years and most of these air conditioners are high energy consuming, old models. In response to high temperatures year after year, it is expected that the purchase and use of air conditioners will increase.
The largest domestic market is for small and medium sized air conditioners (12,000-21,500 BTU). Although Thailand has experienced an economic slowdown, high temperature levels have resulted in strong demand for air conditioners. The domestic market for air conditioners can be classified into three segments;
1) Upper market (50% of total market size)
This market is comprised of good quality products with a high price. Most consumers in this market have a high level of disposable income. Manufacturers who serve this market are primarily Japanese and American. Most products are produced under a brand name from the mother company, including Mitsubishi, Carrier, National, Sanyo and Trane.
2) Medium market (20% of total market size)
This market is composed of good quality products with slightly lower prices than those of the upper market. Most of the manufacturers in this market are Thai, produced under their own brand name, including Central Air, UNI-AIRE and Engineering.
进口情况
Most of the imported products are for large scale factories and offices. In 1998, Thailand imported air conditioners valued at 2 billion Baht. This total declined slightly to 1.2 billion Baht in 1999, a decrease of 42.03%. However, imports soared to 1.8 billion in 2000. The main suppliers of imported air conditioners are Japan (45.03%), Malaysia (14.0%), France (8.97%), Taiwan (7.59%), China (6.48%), Germany (4.29%), Singapore (2.54%), the U.S. (2.49%) and South Korea (2.23%).
2、 汽车及其零部件
行业概况
Thailand has been the leading automotive manufacturer in Southeast Asia for more than 30 years. Stemming from the production of automobiles, Thailand also stands as a leading manufacturer and supplier of autoparts and components. Recent years have seen several new foreign joint venture companies set up operations in Thailand. Much of the production carried out by these new companies is to supply assembly lines operated by international manufacturers, however a purely indigenous industry has developed as well.
The automotive industry in Thailand began in the early 1960s. It was initially very successful in attracting foreign automotive manufacturers from Japan, the United States and Europe to invest in Thailand either by setting up assembly plants or joint ventures with Thai companies. In recent years there has been a huge build-up of the automotive industry in Thailand, with Toyota, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Honda, Ford, Chrysler, General Motors and Volvo amongst the international car makers with production lines in the country. Of all car manufacturers, Japanese automotive companies have by far the strongest hold in the Thai market, with 92 percent of the Thai automotive market.
Foreign automotive manufacturers, especially Japanese firms, have laid down the foundations of the automotive parts industry, developing strong networks of parts suppliers, dealers and service centers. However, until very recently, the Thai government sought to protect local Thai automobile companies by imposing a 54 percent local content ratio for passenger cars, 70 percent for pick-up trucks and 62 percent for commercial vehicles.
The automotive industry was liberalized in 1994 to encourage local parts manufacturers to improve their efficiency, technology as well as product quality. This was in preparation for the abolishment of local content requirement laws in the year 2000, in accordance with WTO agreement principles. This market liberalization has helped to attract foreign automobile assemblers as the policy of non-discrimination is extended to all automobiles manufactured in Thailand. Since Thailand has no national car, as is the case in countries such as Malaysia, there is no need for economic measures restricting the operations of foreign automotive manufacturers.
Presently, the industry is going through a process of upgrading product quality. As quality is now a prime concern, especially given the competition with large international automobile manufacturers, ISO 9000 certification is currently becoming a necessary standard for the main producers.
However, the automotive parts industry has still been promoted by the government, represented by the Board of Investment (BOI). Full promotion packages, including tax incentives are offered to manufacturers of engine parts, transmissions, brakes, steering and suspension systems, radiators, fuel tanks, filters, wiring harnesses, gaskets and leaf springs.
Moreover, the local manufacturers also have a comparative advantage in terms of raw materials, as Thailand is the world’s largest producer of rubber products. Over the past few years, the plastics and other petrochemical industries have played a dominant role in the industry as well. Consequently, it is a great benefit for local automotive parts manufacturers to utilize the abundance of these resources.
生产情况
Locally, there are approximately 600 automotive parts manufacturers. Using foreign technology acquired through joint venture companies, these manufacturers are now capable of carrying out the complex blending process and synthetic rubber production required in the auto sector. These manufacturers are producing goods to serve the OEM (80%) and REM (12%) markets, while the rest is exported. The manufacturers can be classified by types and production ability as follows:
Production Ability Type Product Pattern
Group A High Tire and wheel, seat, rubber
parts, internal accessories Labor intensive
Group B Medium Glass, break and clutch system, Skilled manship
body parts, electronic parts and high technology
Group C Low Gear, transmission and shaft
high skill
mechanic and advanced technology
Source: Bank of Thailand
国内市场情况
The domestic demand for the automotive parts industry reached a peak in 1996, when automobiles recorded their highest level of production and sales. However, the economic crisis has caused a major contraction in this sector. In 1998, the domestic sales of automobiles dropped drastically, by 60.3% from the totals recorded in 1997. Consequently, this decrease in sales led to a diminishing demand for automotive parts, especially in OEM.
The situation started to improve in 1999. Last year, the automotive industry enjoyed a favorable growth of 20.1%, with domestic sales reaching 262,250 units. As expected, this year’s sales will probably reach 300,000 units or roughly a 15% increase from last year. This significant improvement in sales has stimulated demand for automotive parts.
Domestic Sales and Production of Automobiles
Source: The Federation of Thai Industries
To reduce the effect of the crisis, automotive parts manufacturers turned their focus to overseas markets, as the operating costs in Thailand are relatively cheaper than in other countries. In recent years, there has been a massive investment in the automotive industry from companies such as Toyota, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Honda, Ford, Chrysler and General Motors. This kind of investment enhances the possibility of Thailand becoming the automotive hub for this region.
3、 电视机
生产情况
Thailand’s production of color TV sets in 2000 was estimated to reach 8.5 million sets, an increase of 15% from 7.4 million sets in 1999. There were two operators applying for promotion from the Board of Investment for their expansion projects in 2000 as listed below.
The BoI-promoted producers of color TV sets in 2000
Name Type of project Product Production capacity/year Export Plant location
1.Distar Electric Corporation Plc. Expansion Color TV set 1.6 million sets - Rayong
2.JVC Component (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Expansion TV parts such as deflection yoke 6 million pieces 100% Nakhon Ratchasima
Besides, LG Mitr Electronic Co., Ltd. has a plan to expand into a new production line of the flat screen TV, recognizing the flat screen TV will become popular among domestic consumers in the future.
Based on the production index of this industry, the production followed an upward trend during the first three quarters of 2000 and then began to slacken owing to a heavy fall in purchase orders from export markets, notably the US which is Thailand’s major target market, and the still gloomy domestic market. As a result, the manufacturers had to scale down their production.
销售情况
Based on the shipment index, the distribution of TV sets in 2000 slightly picked up from the preceding year. However, the sales volume had shrunk from the third quarter until the end of the year, specifically for smaller than 20” TVs. This was chiefly caused by the weak economy of the US which is Thailand’s biggest export market constituting more than 40% of the total Thai exports.
About 1.1 million TV sets were locally sold in 2000, a 10% growth from the preceding year’ s 1 million sets. Sony enjoyed the highest market share of 20% of total sales, followed by Panasonic and Samsung sharing 18% and 12% respectively. The flat screen TV has now become increasingly popular, with sales of 100,000 sets in 1999 rising to 200,000 sets in 2000, representing a one-fold increase in market share. However, the expansion of the flat screen TV still relies on the economic condition as its prices are about 20%-30% higher than the original screen TV’s.
进口情况
Thailand’s imports of TV sets in 2000 expanded 58.8% year-on-year, valued at US$ 42.9 million or Bt. 1.087 billion. This was partly attributed to the reduction of import duty on imported TV sets under the framework of the Asian Free Trade Agreement, resulting in greater imports from Asean member countries, particularly Malaysia which is the largest TV set producer in Asean. Apart from this factor, Thai products cannot compete with imported goods because there is still a protectionism measure for some Thai industries such as steel and plastic via high import tariffs. From such measure, Thai TV set producers have to bear higher costs than their Asean rivals in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. The import duty on TV sets imposed among Asean members will be lowered gradually from 20% to 5% under the following timeframe:
Before January 1, 2000 30%
January 1, 2000 20%
January 1, 2001 15%
January 1, 2002 10%
January 1, 2003 5%
From such tax cuts, the imports of TV sets from Asean are expected to grow considerably in the future. This is evident from the past statistics of Thai imports from the key import sources in Asean, showing that the imports from Malaysia and Singapore expanded from only 9% and 10% of the total Thai imports in 1997 to 19% and 17% respectively in 2000. Meanwhile, the imports from Japan and South Korea remained steady, with the imports from Japan sliding from 31% of the total imports in 1997 to 21% in 2000 and those from South Korea steadying at about the same rate of 20%. In the next couple of years, after the reduction of import duty to 5%-10%, Malaysia and Singapore will become the country’s most important import sources.
In the first six months (Jan-Jun) of 2001, imports of TV sets totaled US$ 11.7 million, an 11.46% year-on-year fall. This was caused by the repercussions of the economic stagnation in the US and Japan which are Thailand’s key trading partners, thereby eroding the local consumers’ confidence in the economic revival and leading them to become cautious about luxurious spending.
Thailand’s imports of color TV sets from major import sources during 1997-2001 (Jan-Jun)
Major import Growth rate Jan-Jun growth rate
sources
1997 1998 1999 2000 (1999-2000) 2000 2001*
Japan Bt.mil 329.9 255.6 179.6 227.2 26.5% 136.6 48.5 -64.5%
US$ mil 13.0 10.1 7.1 9.0 26.7% 3.6 1.1 -69.4%
S.KoreaBt.mil 218.8 49.6 126.4 217.3 71.9% 103.6 95.8 -7.5%
US$ mil 8.6 2.0 5.0 8.6 71.5% 2.7 2.2 -21.0%
MalaysiaBt.mil 92.9 66.2 112.7 209.1 85.5% 85.3 84.0 -1.5%
US$ mil 3.7 2.6 4.4 8.3 86.2% 2.2 1.9 -15.2%
Singapore Bt.mil106.3 90.5 151.6 185.2 22.2% 94.9 115.4 21.6%
US$ mil 4.2 3.6 6.0 7.3 22.4% 2.5 2.6 4.0%
China Bt.mil 46.3 17.9 32.4 85.9 165.0% 28.7 114.8 300.6%
US$ mil 1.8 0.7 1.3 3.4 164.8% 0.8 2.6 244.0%
OthersBt.mil 277.1 169.3 82.7 162.6 96.7% 70.5 58.5 -17.0%
US$ mil 10.9 6.7 3.3 6.4 96.9% 1.8 1.3 -27.7%
Total Bt.mil1,071.2 649.0 685.4 1,087.2 58.6% 519.6 517.1 -0.5%
US$ mil 42.3 25.6 27.0 42.9 58.8% 13.6 11.7 -14.6%
Source: Department of Business Economics
Note: *Preliminary figures
4、 电脑及其配件
行业概况
The computer industry in Thailand has been an important factor in the country’s economic growth and industrialization over the past 20 years. Computers and computer parts have been Thailand's leading industrial export since 1985, with the value of computers and parts exported in 1998 reaching US $ 8 billion, amounting to 15 per cent of the country's total exports for that year. With the exception of 1992, the average rate of growth for computer exports over the past decade was 20 percent per year.
Thailand's computer industry can be divided into three major sections: hardware, software and information service companies. Of these three, only the hardware segment of the industry is involved in export with the other two segments mostly producing or importing for domestic consumption, as local manufacturing capabilities and expertise are still limited.
生产情况
So far, there have been more than 100 computer and parts manufacturers in Thailand. These manufacturers dealt in the areas of HGA, HDD Head, Printer Head, Glass Disk for HDD, Slider, FDD Head, Image Dum, Head Carriage, E-Block Assembly, Monitor Chassis, Memory Disk Cover ASSY, Metal Parts, PCB and IC. Most computer parts have been for keyboards, printers and devices and monitors. Other major products include Hard disk Drives, Floppy Disk Drives and Micro Motors.
Most of the manufacturers of computers and parts in Thailand are foreign companies who receive promotional privileges from the Board of Investment (BOI). According to the BOI, some 53 manufacturers have been granted promotional status as of 1998, with the stipulation that 80 per cent of their production must be exported. These incentives have attracted and benefited primarily multinational companies that use Thailand as an export base for finished computer parts and their components.
The largest constituent of Thailand’s computer and parts industry is the manufacturing of hard disk drives (HDD) and related components, accounting for over 68 percent of computer and parts production value. The hard disk drive industry in Thailand began in 1983 with Seagate’s investment in head-stack assembly, employing some 50 workers. Some fifteen years later, the industry has expanded to include around 25 firms engaged in all aspects of the industry’s assembling and manufacturing activities. The HDD industry accounted for approximately ten percent of Thailand’s total exports in 1998, earning US $ 5.3 billion. Thailand has become one of the world’s most important production sites for hard disk drives and related components, but the country faces significant competition from Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and China. While American and Japanese companies dominate sales of HDD, over 65 percent of product final assembly is achieved in Southeast Asia with Singapore accounting for almost 50 percent of the total market.
The hard disk drive industry in Thailand revolves around the finished assembly and components manufacturing by three companies, Seagate, IBM and Fujitsu, along with other supporting companies, who exclusively manufacture components used for production. Thailand offers HDD companies an inexpensive and relatively experienced labor pool, export oriented tariff and tax incentives, along with close proximity to large Asian markets including Singapore, where component parts are often shipped for final assembly.
Fujitsu is the third largest computer and parts exporter and complements its production of HDD with printers and related components. AMD Thailand has two large facilities north of Bangkok that are involved in plastic assembly, testing, marking and packing of its logic and memory products. Delta Electronics has five plants in Thailand producing components for monitors, stripped down computers, adapters and switching power supplies. Cal-Comp Corporation is involved in the production and export of printers and components.
国内市场情况
Computers are becoming increasingly important in driving the development of information technology in Thailand. In 2001, the National Statistics Office reported that the number of households who own a computer stands at 812,565 out of a total of 16.1 million households in the entire country. Put another way, 5.04 out of every 100 households owns a computer. Among 812,565 households, the total number of computers is 927,875 units, which are composed of desktop computers at 890,305 units and portable computers at 37,570 units. From these figures, it can be concluded that there are 5.75 computers for every 100 households or 1.48 computers per 100 persons.
In 2000, it is expected that the computer industry will increase 20 per cent from 1999 for domestic markets. This increase is a result of the government and private sectors having used IT as an important tool to help reorganize their operations and generate higher productivity and cost effectiveness. In addition, the Internet revolution and e-commerce trends have significantly contributed to the market growth, fueling computer usage in all industry and business sectors.
5、 印刷电路板
生产情况
In 2000, local PCB industry grew sharply, as seen from number of applications for BoI’s promotion by both newcomers and existing operators seeking to expand their projects. Most of these promoted projects are producers of printed circuit board assembly (PCBA), which is derived from the assembling of various electronic parts such as IC, diode and transistor with PCB. Meanwhile, there are merely two producers of PCB and one supplier of PCB raw material. The main reason why there are a far greater number of producers of PCBA than PCB is that PCBA is produced in the form of subcontracting or for supply to electrical and electronic appliance industries at home and overseas while PCB only serves as a raw material of PCBA and is not directly used in the electrical and electronic appliance industries.
Producers of PCB, PCBA and PCB raw material promoted by BoI in 2000
Name Product Annual capacity Export (%) Project type Plant site
Amallion Enterprise (Thailand) Ltd. PCB 0.85 million sq. m. 100 New Samut Prakan
PCTT Ltd. FPC 2.04 million sq. m. 100 Expansion Prachin Buri
CAL-COMP Electronics (Thailand) Plc. PCBA 2 million sets 80 New Phetchaburi
Sony Siam Industries Co., Ltd. PCBA 5.1 million pieces 80 New Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Hana MicroElectronics Plc. PCBA 20 million pieces 100 New Lamphun
VRK Spectrum Co., Ltd. PCBA 0.488 million pieces 80 Expansion Ratchaburi
Mr. Ming Hui PCBA 3.6 million sets 100 New Rayong
Pemstar (Thailand) Ltd. PCBA 1.5 million pieces 80 Expansion Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Dongwa Electronics (Thai) Co., Ltd. PCBA 6.5 million sets 80 New Chon Buri
Mr. Wichit Lueangcharoento PCBA 0.6 million sets 80 New Rayong
Team Precision Plc. PCBA 6.6 million sets N.A. Expansion Prachin Buri
Mr. Kan Hee Leong PCBA 0.108 million sets 80 Expansion Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Pacific Insulating Material (Thailand) Ltd. Prepreg
Laminate 5 million sq. m.
2.88 million sq. m. 80 Expansion Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Source : BoI
销售情况
The local production of PCB (inclusive of PCBA) is chiefly to serve the export markets. The popular type in the domestic market is single-sided PCB, principally supplied to manufacturers of home electrical and electronic appliances. Producers of this type of PCB are mostly a large number of small- and medium-scale entrepreneurs. Competition is thus very keen. A key competitive edge is product quality. Producers whose product designs can satisfy customers’ requirements and products are of good quality will receive continuous orders. Price is less important particularly for major or multinational producers who focus more on the product quality. Drago PCB Plc. /, one of the leading producers in Thailand, has forecast that local demand for PCB will go up to around 600,000 ? 650,000 square meters a month, 65% of which will be satisfied by local producers and the rest 35% by imports.
进口情况
Thailand’s imports of PCB amounted to US$ 433.1 million in 2000, up 21% from the preceding year. Imports from Japan are the largest, with import value of US$ 126.5 million or 29% of the total Thai imports, followed by those from Taiwan and the US which constituted 19% and 11% respectively. The imported PCBs are largely supplied as raw materials to PCBA subcontracted producers.
In the first two quarters of this year (Jan-Jun 2001), the total import value was US$ 187.8 million, down by 4.4% from the same period last year. Imports from Japan have greatly dropped in the recent past because Japanese producers incorporated in Thailand have turned to procure PCB from local suppliers in a bid to cut their stock costs, save procurement time, and reduce foreign exchange risks.
PCB imports from major import sources during 1997-2001 (Jan-Jun)
Growth rate Jan-Jun Growth rate
1997 1998 1999 2000 1999-2000 2000 2001*
Japan
Bt.million3,315.0 4,511.7 5,570.1 5,053.1 -9.3% 2,434.9 1,980.6 -18.7%
US$ million107.4 106.9 145.2 126.5 -12.9% 63.9 45.0 -29.6%
Taiwan
Bt.million2,070.7 2,165.7 1,867.6 3,490.3 86.9% 1,328.8 1,706.7 28.4%
US$ million64.9 51.5 48.9 86.2 76.3% 34.7 38.7 11.5%
US
Bt.million621.0 1,203.0 1,053.9 1,922.4 82.4% 719.9 1,125.3 56.3%
US$ million20.6 29.4 27.6 47.6 72.5% 18.8 25.4 35.1%
China
Bt. million506.2 664.7 1,326.5 1,241.8 -6.4% 430.3 766.3 78.1%
US$ million15.4 15.8 34.3 30.8 -10.2% 11.3 17.4 54.0%
Malaysia
Bt. million 418.6 495.9 538.0 1,221.0 127.0% 529.9 593.7 12.0%
US$ million13.9 11.8 14.0 30.3 116.4% 13.8 13.4 -2.9%
Others
Bt.million4,354.4 4,642.1 3,341.3 4,466.6 33.7% 2,060.2 2,113.9 2.6%
US$ million140.3 109.4 87.7 111.8 27.5% 54.0 47.9 -11.3%
Total
Bt. million11,285.9 13,683.1 13,697.4 17,395.3 27.0% 7,504.0 8,286.5 10.4%
US$ million362.4 324.9 357.6 433.1 21.1% 196.5 187.8 -4.4%
Source: Department of Business Economics
Note: * Preliminary figures
6、 集成电路
生产情况
The expansion of the world semiconductor and computer industries over the past year has prompted IC producers, including those in Thailand, to boost their production capacity. However, the production in Thailand involves only manual assembling of imported parts into finished IC packages and product testing, without any manufacturing of upstream products. Producers applying for the Board of Investment’s promotion of their expansion projects in 2000 are listed below:
Local producers promoted by BoI in 2000
Name Type of project Product Capacity/Yr. Export Plant location
3. Mitsui Hi-tech (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC lead frames 1.5 billion pieces 80% Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
4. Rohm LS Dy Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC designing 100 designs 100% Bangkok
5. Rohm Integrated Semiconductor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 91 mil. pieces 80% Pathum Thani
6. Sanyo Semiconductor (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 328.07 mil. pieces 80% Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
7. N.S. Electronics (Bangkok) 1993 Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 1.66 mil. pieces 100% Chachoengsao
8. Hana Semiconductor (Ayutthaya) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC OPTO 62 mil. pieces 100% Phra Nakhon Si
Hybrid IC 15 mil. pieces 100% Ayutthaya
9. Lucent Technologies Microelectronics (Thai) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 150 mil. pieces 80% Pathum Thani
10. Thai NJR Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 357.6 mil. pieces 100% Lamphun
11. Alphatech Semiconductor Packaging Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 600 mil. pieces 80% Chachoengsao
12. Microchip Technology (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Expansion IC 900 mil. pieces 80% Chachoengsao
IC testing 1.2 billion pieces 80%
Source: BoI
The condition of the industry in 2000 can be gauged by the industry production index, which has been following an upward trend, a key factor leading producers to increase capacity to serve the demand expected to grow sharply in the future. A drop in December as shown in the chart below was caused by reduced orders from abroad, not by a cut or cessation of production by any producer.
销售情况
This industry is mainly export oriented. There is very little competition in both local and overseas markets because of the following factors:
1. The operators serve different customer bases as each customer requires a specific type of product. It is not easy for a producer to shift to produce a different kind of product within a short period of time.
2. The producer-customer relationship is longstanding due to a long-run business commitment. In some cases, the customer itself becomes a partner providing machinery and equipment for the production.
New entry is rather difficult because the industry is capital intensive and requires a large number of skilled labors. The producers may need to rely on renowned foreign players for technology transfer and quick name recognition on the markets. Otherwise, it will take time to build their own customer base due to high customer loyalty.
Local distribution in 2000 followed the same inclining trend as the production. A drop in export orders in December was not unusual for this industry as users would try to clear their stocks at the year-end to avoid obsolescence of products. Merely such sales drop in December may not be presumed as a signal of overall industry slump.
进口情况
Thailand’s imports of ICs and parts amounted to US$ 6.442 billion in 2000, mounting sharply by 46% from a year earlier. The imported ICs are assembled as finished IC packages for further export. In 2000, Thai exports of these products scaled up, relatively resulting in such increased imports of ICs and parts. The biggest importing source is the US, from which Thailand imported ICs in a total value of US$ 2.294 billion in 2000 or 36% of total Thai imports. It was followed by Japan and Singapore, representing 26% and 8% of total imports respectively.
The import value over the first six months (Jan-Jun) of 2001 stood at US$ 3.098 billion, up 12.8% year-on-year in line with the rising exports.
IC is one of the products included in the Information Technology Agreement 1 (ITA1) under which products imported among participating countries are tax exempted, having taken effect since January 1, 2000. Meanwhile, products bought from non-ITA1 member countries are subject to a 1% import duty. All of the five countries which are Thailand’s major importing sources are ITA1 members. Such tax privilege helps to save costs for the consumers and exerts no impact on the local producers because Thailand already has to almost entirely rely on imports of ICs.
Thailand’s imports of ICs from major importing sources during 1997-2001 (Jan-Jun)
Btm=Baht million
Growth rate Jan-Jun Growth rate
1997 1998 1999 2000 1999-2000 2000 2001*
US
Btm 43,179.5 45,763.3 51,198.0 92,569.7 80.8% 35,942.5 46,549.5 29.5%
US$ m 1,437.0 1,091.0 1,336.4 2,293.7 71.6% 940.7 1,059.5 12.6%
Japan
Btm 32,944.3 44,145.8 47,369.3 68,094.0 43.8% 29,113.2 37,516.8 28.9%
US$ m 1,061.7 1,053.0 1,238.6 1,694.7 36.8% 762.2 848.8 11.4%
Singapore
Btm 9,852.2 13,076.7 18,258.3 20,583.1 12.7% 9,561.9 12,362.2 29.3%
US$ m 319.0 312.1 475.1 514.0 8.2% 249.6 282.9 13.3%
Malaysia
Bt m 4,373.3 5,395.6 6,022.0 13,103.9 117.6% 4,453.6 8,279.3 85.9%
US$ m 141.5 130.8 157.5 322.9 105.0% 116.5 188.0 61.4%
Taiwan
Bt m 6,813.7 6,904.1 8,369.8 11,823.1 41.3% 5,225.7 3,984.5 -23.8%
US$ m 219.2 165.3 219.0 295.4 34.9% 136.7 89.8 -34.3%
Others
Bt. m 25,871.7 33,615.4 37,710.3 53,241.1 41.2% 20,688.8 27,762.9 34.2%
US$ m 824.2 804.0 986.1 1,321.1 34.0% 541.7 629.3 16.2%
Total
Bt. m 123,034.7 148,900.9 168,927.7 259,414.9 53.6% 104,985.7 136,455.2 30.0%
US$ m 4,002.6 3,556.2 4,412.7 6,441.8 46.0% 2,747.4 3,098.3 12.8%
Source: Department of Business Economics
Note: * Preliminary figures
劳 务 类
一、到泰国工作需要哪些手续？
答：泰国于1973年开始实施《外国人工作法》。该法要求所有在泰国工作的外国人在该国工作前都需取得工作许可。该法于1978年进行了修订，对工作许可证的签发、延期程序，以及有可能禁止外国人从事的工作种类作了规定。
１、豁免
从事下述职业的外国人可以不必工作许可证：外交使节团成员；领事团成员；联合国及其特别机构的成员国代表和官员；从国外来为上述人员工作的私人服务人员；执行泰国政府与他国或国际机构协议项下公务的人员；为教育、文化、艺术或体育事业而进入泰国的外国人员；经泰国政府特别批准来泰国履行义务或执行任务的外国人。
２、特别例外
尽管大多数外国人必须申请工作许可证，而且必须在许可证签发后才可开始工作，《外国人工作法》为下列情况提供了特别的待遇：
1)紧急和重要的工作
根据移民法，对暂时进入泰国执行任何紧急和重要事件而且在泰停留时间不超过15天的人，可以不必取得工作许可证。但是这些人必须提交由本人签字并由其雇主背书的书面报告，并经移民局局长或其指定的委托人同意。享有此项待遇的外国人可凭任何一种签证进入泰国。所谓“紧急、重要的工作”法律上并没有明确的规定，是否给予工作证的豁免完全由管理机关决定。
2)投资促进
根据《投资促进法》，试图在泰国得到工作许可的外国人必须在收到投资促进委员会的任职通知后30天内提交工作许可申请。这类人可以在政府处理其申请期间从事经授权的工作。
３、程序
该法要求在泰国工作的外国人必须在开始工作前获得工作许可。该法第八章规定，在开始工作前雇主可代其填写申请表格。但是根据《移民法》，只有当该外国人根据移民法进入泰国后方给予发放工作许可证，而且必须由本人亲自领取。
工作许可开始的有效期限仅仅是根据移民法该外国人的非移民签证所允许他在泰国居留的时间。因此工作许可将根据签证的延期和更新而进行更新。对于持有泰国居留证的外国人，工作许可证可每年更新。劳工厅具体负责办理更新事宜，原则上工作许可的初始有效期限是一年。工作许可证必须在其到期以前更新，否则将自动失效。
作为游客或过境人员进入泰国的人可不必申请工作许可证。
二、申请工作许可需要准备那些文件？
答：对于非永久性居留，要有一本非移民签证的有效护照（WP3申请除外）；
对于永久居留，需一本有效护照、居留证以及外国人身份证（WP3申请除外）；
申请人的学历证明和原雇主的推荐信（详细说明该申请人过去的职务、职责、表现、工作地点及期限）。如果文件是英文，须附有泰文译文并经泰国大使馆或泰国外交部认证。
近期体检证明；
三张5x6厘米照片；
如申请表非本人填写，须附有符合规定格式的有效的委托书及10铢税票；
填写申请表“工作描述”一栏时，须详细说明申请者将从事何工作，该工作涉及何人以及工作中所需何种设备原料等；
根据该法，如果申请的工作须依照一些特别的法律审批发放执照（证件），则还须附有该执照（证件）的复印件一份（如教师证、医生行医证、新闻记者证等）；
如申请人已和泰国人结婚，须提交下列各项文件的原件及复印件：结婚证明、配偶身份证、子女出生证明（如有）、户口登记表以及申请人护照复印件（每页都要）；
如申请的工作不在曼谷，则申请表应在相关府的劳工厅填写，如没有这样的机构，就在该府市政厅填写；
其它需要的证明。
三、泰国受限制的职业有哪些？
答： 1973年出台的皇家法令规定了39项外籍员工不能从事的工作或行业。该令几经修改，目前受到法令限制的行业/工作如下：
职业介绍所；农业、动物饲养、林业、渔业及普通农场管理；采石业、木材业或其它建筑工作；机动车或非机动车运输，国际航空飞行员除外；木雕；商场服务员；拍卖；监察、审计、会计服务，偶尔的国际审计除外；宝石切割、打磨；理发、美容；手工纺织；席垫编织或用芦苇、稻草及竹纤维制作的物品；手工纤维纸的制作；漆器； 泰国乐器制作；银制品制作；金匠、银匠或其它贵金属工作；青铜制品制作；泰国玩具制作；床垫和衬垫毯子制作；衣钵制作；手工丝制品制作；佛像制作；小刀制作；纸伞、布伞制作；制鞋；制帽；经纪人或代理商（国际商务除外）；服装；陶瓷；卷烟；法律或诉讼服务； 牧师或秘书服务；手工丝绸纺织；泰文打印、排版；零售；导游或旅行社；建筑设计；工程。
四、如没有工作许可而在泰国从事工作将受到哪些处罚？
答：泰国法律禁止雇主允许外籍劳工从事工作许可证规定以外的工作。如外籍劳工的工作有什么变化，如调动、期满等，雇主须在上述情况发生后15天内上报。一旦遭到解雇，外籍劳工须将工作证交还给在曼谷的劳动机构外籍劳工处，如在其它府，则交该府的劳工处，否则处以1000铢罚款。
任何外籍员工如没有工作许可而在泰国从事工作，或违反了工作许可证规定的行业，将处以3个月以下监禁，或5000铢以下罚款或两刑并用。外籍员工若从事皇家法令所禁止的工作，将处以5个月以下监禁或2000至10000铢的罚款，或两刑并用。雇主如雇用没有工作许可证的外籍员工，或违反了工作许可证规定的工作类别，将对雇主处以3年以下监禁6万铢以下罚款，或两刑并用。持有工作证的外籍员工须在获允许后方可改变工作或工作地点。
五、怎样申请参加发展中国家培训项目（TCDC）？有关手续如何？
答：泰国负责发展中国家培训工作的部门是外交部经济技术合作厅（DTEC），联系电话02－2803890，联系人Ms. Kasama。一般每个培训班限报两人，先由DTEC根据中国提供的培训计划联系泰国有关部门推荐人员，经DTEC考试后再提出正式推荐人选报使馆商务处进行面试，通过面试者按要求办理签证等有关手续，并准备来华学习的有关资料。商务处联系人：Mr. Ju Baochun，联系电话02-2474506。
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